Cellorsville, one of Stonewall Jackson's guns

Ation, but screened to prevent the enemy from letting in some small animal with fire tied to his tail. Powder

casks were laid on their sides and periodically rolled to a different position; "otherwise," explains a contemporary expert, "the salt petre, being the heaviest

ingredient, will descend into the lower part of the barrel,

and the powder above will lose much of its goodness." [Illustration: Figure 17--SPANISH POWDER BUCKET (c. 1750).] In the dawn of artillery, loose powder was brought to the gun in a covered bucket, usually made of leather. The loader scooped up the proper amount with a ladle (fig. 44), and inserted it into the gun. He could, by using his experienced judgment, put in just enough powder to give
him the
range he wanted, much as our modern artillerymen sometimes use only a portion of their charge. After Gustavus Adolphus in the 1630's, however, powder bags came into wide use, although English
gunners long preferred to ladle their powder. The powder bucket
or "passing box" of course remained on the scene. It was usually

large enough to hold a pair of cartridge

bags. The root of the word cartridge seems to be
"carta," meaning paper. But paper was only one of many
materials such as canvas, linen, parchment, flannel,

the "woolen stuff" of the 1860's, and even wood. Until the advent
of the silk cartridge, nothing

was entirely satisfa